Work Cited
Primary Sources :
Images and Digital Photographs
Being Latino. "Meet Gonzalo and Felicitas Mendez." Before Brown V. Board of Ed
there were the Mendezes. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.beinglatino.us/politics-2/
before-brown-v-board-of-ed-there-were-the-mendez%E2%80%99s/>.
This website was used for the image of Gonzalo and Felicitas Mendez and their
oldest child. It demonstrates their early family and contributes to Gonzalo's
life before the case.
- - -. "Segregation of Spanish or Mexicans." Before Brown v. Board of Ed there
were the Mendezes. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.beinglatino.us/politics-2/
before-brown-v-board-of-ed-there-were-the-mendez%E2%80%99s/>.
This website was used to retrieve a photo of a sign that prohibits Spanish
or Mexicans from entering certain public places. This contributes to fact that
Latinos weren't only segregated in education but in everyday encounters.
Creative Commons. "A Classroom of Segregated Latino Children." 9.3 Red Scares,
Lavender Scares, and the Quest for Equality during the Early Cold War.
DonorsChoose.org, n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2015.
<http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/united-states-history-volume-2/
s12-03-red-scares-lavender-scares-and.html>. Although this image doesn't
connect directly to the Mendez v. Westminster court case it provides
background to the segregation Mexican-American children experienced by
being forced into separated classrooms.
"Fire in the Morning" Collection. "Felicitas and Gonzalo Mendez." Separate is
Not Equal Brown V. Board of Education. Smithsonian, n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2015.
<http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/2-battleground/
pursuit-equality-2.html>. This portrait of Gonzalo Mendez and his wife provides
the man accredited to the Mendez v. Westminster court case.
- - -. "LULAC Fundraising Event." Separate is Not Equal Brown V. Board of
Education. Smithsonian, n.d. Web. 8 Jan. 2015.
<http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/2-battleground/
pursuit-equality-2.html>. Many organizations supported Mendez's cause including
LULAC who hosted a fundraising for the cause to end segregation. This image is of
the actual fundraising event with members of the LULAC organization.
- - -. "Mendez v. Westminster." Separate is Not Equal Brown V. Board of
Education. Smithsonian, n.d. Web. 8 Jan. 2015.
<http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/2-battleground/
pursuit-equality-2.html>. This website was used for the image of the segregated
classroom of Mexican children at Lincoln Elementary School. This image is the main
that is found on every page. It demonstrates the violation of student rights in
education.
"Gonzalo and Felicitas Mendez." Mendez Fundamental Intermediate School. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 10 Jan. 2015. <http://www.sausd.us/mendez>. This website of the school
named in honor of Gonzalo and Felicitas Mendez was used for an image of them both in
front of the car. This image is included in the slideshow for family life.
Jones, Ashby. "Medal of Freedom Winner Sylvia Mendez." Law Blog Medal of Freedom
Winner of the Day: Sylvia Mendez. Wall StreetJournal, n.d. Web. 7 Jan.
2015. <http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2011/02/16/
law-blog-medal-of-freedom-winner-of-the-day-sylvia-mendez/>. This source was used for
a digital image of Sylvia Mendez receiving the Medal of Freedom from Obama. The image is
used to validate how Gonzalo's legacy lives on today through the help of his daughter.
Meraji, Shereen Marisol. "Sylvia Mendez was a young girl in the 1940s when her
parents fought for Latinos to have access to white schools in the
California court case Mendez v. Westminster. They won in 1947." Before
'Brown V. Board,' Mendez Fought California's Segregated Schools. npr.org,
n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. <http://www.npr.org/blogs/codeswitch/2014/05/16/
312555636/before-brown-v-board-mendez-fought-californias-segregated-schools>.
This image had contributed to my website because it depicts Sylvia Mendez
today and her continued fight for advocating complete desegregation in
education. Behind her is an image of her mom which shows that she continues
the legacy her parents started.
Nadel Architects. "Felicitas and Gonzalo Mendez Learning Center." Felicitas and
Gonzalo Mendez Learning Center by Nadel Architects. Otto, n.d. Web. 10 Jan.
2015. <http://media.designerpages.com/otto/2009/09/
felicitas-and-gonzalo-mendez-learning-center-by-nadel-architects/>. This website contained
a digital photograph of the school named in honor of Felicitas and Gonzalo Mendez. His
legacy lives through the people that value his leadership and commitment in desegregation.
National Historic Landmarks Program. "Courtroom #8." U.S. Court House and Post
Office Los Angeles, California. American Latino Heritage, n.d. Web. 13 Jan.
2015. <http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/american_latino_heritage/
Los_Angeles_US_Court_House_and_Post_Office.html>. This website was used for the digital
picture of how the courtroom of Mendez v. Westminster looks today.
Rhapsodyinbooks. "Sylvia Mendez as a Child." Legal Legacy. N.p., n.d. Web. 9
Jan. 2015. <https://legallegacy.wordpress.com/2012/05/02/
the-legal-struggle-for-ethnic-balancing-in-schools-de-facto-vs-de-jure-segregatio
n-some-historical-highlights/>. This source was used for an image of Sylvia Mendez
as a child. This image was included in the family life slideshow.
Robbins, Sandra. "Felicitas and Gonzalo Mendez." Mendez Vs. Westminster: For All
the Children. PBS SoCal, n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2015. <http://www.koce.org/
prodMendez.htm>. This image is a screenshot of the documentary Mendez v.
Westminster: For all the Children. This image contributed to the family
life page in my website. It is a secondary source because it is from a
documentary about the civil court case.
Rosenberg, Jeremy. "First Grade Class at Hoover School, 1944." 'No Dogs or
Mexicans Allowed': Mendez v. Westminster and its Legacy on the Southwest.
KCET, n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2015. <http://www.kcet.org/socal/departures/
columns/laws-that-shaped-la/ no-dogs-or-mexicans-allowed-mendez-
v-westminster-and-its-legacy-on-the-southwest.html>. The Hoover school is where
Gonzalo's children and Mexican neighbors were required to attend. This website
was used for an image of a first grade class that was made up of only Hispanic students.
Salvatorre, Susan. "The Spring Street Courthouse in Los Angeles." U.S. Court
House and Post Office :os Angeles, California. American Latino Heritage,
n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2015. <http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/
american_latino_heritage/Los_Angeles_US_Court_House_and_Post_Office.html>.
This website provided an digitalized image of the courthouse where Mendez v.
Westminster occurred. Even though the picture wasn't taken during the 1940's it is still a
primary source because it isn't directly related.
"Segregation in Public Schools Ended by Court." Brown V. Board and School
Integration. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2015. <https://sites.google.com/
site/brownvboardschoolintegration/outcomes-of-brown-v-board>. This website
provided an image of a newspaper from Brown v. Board that was taken the year of that
court trial.
US Postal Service. "Mendez v. Westminster." U.S. Court House and Post Office Los
Angeles, California. nps.gov, n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/american_latino_heritage/
Los_Angeles_US_Court_House_and_Post_Office.html>. This source provided the image
of the postage stamp that commemorated sixty years of the Mendez v. Westminster court
case in 2007.
Government Documents
Gonzalo Mendez, etal v. Westminster School District of Orange County, etal
[4292], Civil Case Files, 1938-1995; U.S. District Court for the Central
District of California, Records of District Courts of the United States (RG
21), National Archives at Riverside, Perris, California.
This source includes the trial transcripts of the court case, all in verbatim. Included
in this source are the testimonies of Gonzalo Mendez himself which
demonstrate his point of view over the subject of segregation.
Being Latino. "Meet Gonzalo and Felicitas Mendez." Before Brown V. Board of Ed
there were the Mendezes. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.beinglatino.us/politics-2/
before-brown-v-board-of-ed-there-were-the-mendez%E2%80%99s/>.
This website was used for the image of Gonzalo and Felicitas Mendez and their
oldest child. It demonstrates their early family and contributes to Gonzalo's
life before the case.
- - -. "Segregation of Spanish or Mexicans." Before Brown v. Board of Ed there
were the Mendezes. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.beinglatino.us/politics-2/
before-brown-v-board-of-ed-there-were-the-mendez%E2%80%99s/>.
This website was used to retrieve a photo of a sign that prohibits Spanish
or Mexicans from entering certain public places. This contributes to fact that
Latinos weren't only segregated in education but in everyday encounters.
Creative Commons. "A Classroom of Segregated Latino Children." 9.3 Red Scares,
Lavender Scares, and the Quest for Equality during the Early Cold War.
DonorsChoose.org, n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2015.
<http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/united-states-history-volume-2/
s12-03-red-scares-lavender-scares-and.html>. Although this image doesn't
connect directly to the Mendez v. Westminster court case it provides
background to the segregation Mexican-American children experienced by
being forced into separated classrooms.
"Fire in the Morning" Collection. "Felicitas and Gonzalo Mendez." Separate is
Not Equal Brown V. Board of Education. Smithsonian, n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2015.
<http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/2-battleground/
pursuit-equality-2.html>. This portrait of Gonzalo Mendez and his wife provides
the man accredited to the Mendez v. Westminster court case.
- - -. "LULAC Fundraising Event." Separate is Not Equal Brown V. Board of
Education. Smithsonian, n.d. Web. 8 Jan. 2015.
<http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/2-battleground/
pursuit-equality-2.html>. Many organizations supported Mendez's cause including
LULAC who hosted a fundraising for the cause to end segregation. This image is of
the actual fundraising event with members of the LULAC organization.
- - -. "Mendez v. Westminster." Separate is Not Equal Brown V. Board of
Education. Smithsonian, n.d. Web. 8 Jan. 2015.
<http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/2-battleground/
pursuit-equality-2.html>. This website was used for the image of the segregated
classroom of Mexican children at Lincoln Elementary School. This image is the main
that is found on every page. It demonstrates the violation of student rights in
education.
"Gonzalo and Felicitas Mendez." Mendez Fundamental Intermediate School. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 10 Jan. 2015. <http://www.sausd.us/mendez>. This website of the school
named in honor of Gonzalo and Felicitas Mendez was used for an image of them both in
front of the car. This image is included in the slideshow for family life.
Jones, Ashby. "Medal of Freedom Winner Sylvia Mendez." Law Blog Medal of Freedom
Winner of the Day: Sylvia Mendez. Wall StreetJournal, n.d. Web. 7 Jan.
2015. <http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2011/02/16/
law-blog-medal-of-freedom-winner-of-the-day-sylvia-mendez/>. This source was used for
a digital image of Sylvia Mendez receiving the Medal of Freedom from Obama. The image is
used to validate how Gonzalo's legacy lives on today through the help of his daughter.
Meraji, Shereen Marisol. "Sylvia Mendez was a young girl in the 1940s when her
parents fought for Latinos to have access to white schools in the
California court case Mendez v. Westminster. They won in 1947." Before
'Brown V. Board,' Mendez Fought California's Segregated Schools. npr.org,
n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. <http://www.npr.org/blogs/codeswitch/2014/05/16/
312555636/before-brown-v-board-mendez-fought-californias-segregated-schools>.
This image had contributed to my website because it depicts Sylvia Mendez
today and her continued fight for advocating complete desegregation in
education. Behind her is an image of her mom which shows that she continues
the legacy her parents started.
Nadel Architects. "Felicitas and Gonzalo Mendez Learning Center." Felicitas and
Gonzalo Mendez Learning Center by Nadel Architects. Otto, n.d. Web. 10 Jan.
2015. <http://media.designerpages.com/otto/2009/09/
felicitas-and-gonzalo-mendez-learning-center-by-nadel-architects/>. This website contained
a digital photograph of the school named in honor of Felicitas and Gonzalo Mendez. His
legacy lives through the people that value his leadership and commitment in desegregation.
National Historic Landmarks Program. "Courtroom #8." U.S. Court House and Post
Office Los Angeles, California. American Latino Heritage, n.d. Web. 13 Jan.
2015. <http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/american_latino_heritage/
Los_Angeles_US_Court_House_and_Post_Office.html>. This website was used for the digital
picture of how the courtroom of Mendez v. Westminster looks today.
Rhapsodyinbooks. "Sylvia Mendez as a Child." Legal Legacy. N.p., n.d. Web. 9
Jan. 2015. <https://legallegacy.wordpress.com/2012/05/02/
the-legal-struggle-for-ethnic-balancing-in-schools-de-facto-vs-de-jure-segregatio
n-some-historical-highlights/>. This source was used for an image of Sylvia Mendez
as a child. This image was included in the family life slideshow.
Robbins, Sandra. "Felicitas and Gonzalo Mendez." Mendez Vs. Westminster: For All
the Children. PBS SoCal, n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2015. <http://www.koce.org/
prodMendez.htm>. This image is a screenshot of the documentary Mendez v.
Westminster: For all the Children. This image contributed to the family
life page in my website. It is a secondary source because it is from a
documentary about the civil court case.
Rosenberg, Jeremy. "First Grade Class at Hoover School, 1944." 'No Dogs or
Mexicans Allowed': Mendez v. Westminster and its Legacy on the Southwest.
KCET, n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2015. <http://www.kcet.org/socal/departures/
columns/laws-that-shaped-la/ no-dogs-or-mexicans-allowed-mendez-
v-westminster-and-its-legacy-on-the-southwest.html>. The Hoover school is where
Gonzalo's children and Mexican neighbors were required to attend. This website
was used for an image of a first grade class that was made up of only Hispanic students.
Salvatorre, Susan. "The Spring Street Courthouse in Los Angeles." U.S. Court
House and Post Office :os Angeles, California. American Latino Heritage,
n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2015. <http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/
american_latino_heritage/Los_Angeles_US_Court_House_and_Post_Office.html>.
This website provided an digitalized image of the courthouse where Mendez v.
Westminster occurred. Even though the picture wasn't taken during the 1940's it is still a
primary source because it isn't directly related.
"Segregation in Public Schools Ended by Court." Brown V. Board and School
Integration. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2015. <https://sites.google.com/
site/brownvboardschoolintegration/outcomes-of-brown-v-board>. This website
provided an image of a newspaper from Brown v. Board that was taken the year of that
court trial.
US Postal Service. "Mendez v. Westminster." U.S. Court House and Post Office Los
Angeles, California. nps.gov, n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/american_latino_heritage/
Los_Angeles_US_Court_House_and_Post_Office.html>. This source provided the image
of the postage stamp that commemorated sixty years of the Mendez v. Westminster court
case in 2007.
Government Documents
Gonzalo Mendez, etal v. Westminster School District of Orange County, etal
[4292], Civil Case Files, 1938-1995; U.S. District Court for the Central
District of California, Records of District Courts of the United States (RG
21), National Archives at Riverside, Perris, California.
This source includes the trial transcripts of the court case, all in verbatim. Included
in this source are the testimonies of Gonzalo Mendez himself which
demonstrate his point of view over the subject of segregation.
Secondary Sources:
Acuna, Rodolfo F. "Toward a Civil Rights Agenda." A History of Chicanos. 7th ed.
N.p.: Owen, 2011. 249. Print. Vol. 3 of Occupied America. 3 vols. A History
of Chicanos. This source briefly recaps the Court's ruling of the Mendez v.
Westminster case which ruled that the segregation of children in education
was unconstitutional.
N.p.: Owen, 2011. 249. Print. Vol. 3 of Occupied America. 3 vols. A History
of Chicanos. This source briefly recaps the Court's ruling of the Mendez v.
Westminster case which ruled that the segregation of children in education
was unconstitutional.
Malaspina, Ann. "Chicanos Fight for Their Rights." The Ethnic and Group Identity
Movements: Earning Recognition. Ed. Tim Mcneese. New York City: Infobase,
n.d. 52-53. Print. Vol. 4 of The Ethnic and Group Identity Movements. 8
vols. Reform Movements in American History 4. This source demonstrates some
of the prejudices the Mendez family faced in the Westminster
District. They were required to attend a different school because they had
darker skin.
Movements: Earning Recognition. Ed. Tim Mcneese. New York City: Infobase,
n.d. 52-53. Print. Vol. 4 of The Ethnic and Group Identity Movements. 8
vols. Reform Movements in American History 4. This source demonstrates some
of the prejudices the Mendez family faced in the Westminster
District. They were required to attend a different school because they had
darker skin.
Moll, Luis C. "Mobilizing Culture, Language, and Educational Practices:
Fulfilling the Promises of Mendez and Brown."
Journal-of-General-Education; v39 n4 p193-207 1988 (2010): n. pag. Rpt.
in Educational Researcher, v39 n6 (20100801): 451-460. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N.
pag. Print. This essay lists three ways in which the Mendez case influenced
the Brown case that followed it a few years later. It includes quotes from
various experts and from Felicitas Mendez herself yet most of the information
used in this website is secondary information.
Fulfilling the Promises of Mendez and Brown."
Journal-of-General-Education; v39 n4 p193-207 1988 (2010): n. pag. Rpt.
in Educational Researcher, v39 n6 (20100801): 451-460. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N.
pag. Print. This essay lists three ways in which the Mendez case influenced
the Brown case that followed it a few years later. It includes quotes from
various experts and from Felicitas Mendez herself yet most of the information
used in this website is secondary information.
Rechy, John. "Mendez V. Westminster." Latinos and Latinas. Ed. Suzanne Oboler
and Deena J. Gonzalez. New York: Oxford, 2005. 104-05. Print. Vol. 3 of
Oxford Encyclopedia. 3 vols. Latinos and Latinas 3. This source briefly
covers the Mendez's family history and introduces the other five families
who contributed a big portion to the court case ending education
segregation of Mexican American children in California.
and Deena J. Gonzalez. New York: Oxford, 2005. 104-05. Print. Vol. 3 of
Oxford Encyclopedia. 3 vols. Latinos and Latinas 3. This source briefly
covers the Mendez's family history and introduces the other five families
who contributed a big portion to the court case ending education
segregation of Mexican American children in California.
Robbins, Sandra. "Felicitas and Gonzalo Mendez." Mendez Vs. Westminster: For All
the Children. PBS SoCal, n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2015. <http://www.koce.org/
prodMendez.htm>. This image is a screenshot of the documentary Mendez v.
Westminster: For all the Children. This image contributed to the family
life page in my website. It is a secondary source because it is from a
documentary about the civil court case.
the Children. PBS SoCal, n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2015. <http://www.koce.org/
prodMendez.htm>. This image is a screenshot of the documentary Mendez v.
Westminster: For all the Children. This image contributed to the family
life page in my website. It is a secondary source because it is from a
documentary about the civil court case.
Strum, Phillippa. Mendez V. Westminster School Desegregation and
Mexican-American Rights. Lawrence: Univ. of Kansas, 2010. Print. This
book reveals the important Latino parents who dedicated themselves to
fight for their children's civil rights and their rights to an education.
Mexican-American Rights. Lawrence: Univ. of Kansas, 2010. Print. This
book reveals the important Latino parents who dedicated themselves to
fight for their children's civil rights and their rights to an education.
Tonatiuh, Duncan. Separate is Never Equal. Illus. Maria T. Middleton. China:
ABRAMS, 2014. Print. This book narrates and illustrates the path Gonzalo
Mendez and his family took to make their voices heard in the Mendez v.
Westminster court case.
Interview:
Mendez, Sylvia. Telephone interview. Mar. 26, 2015. N.d. I had the honor to be able to speak
with Sylvia Mendez over the phone. She spoke of her father's efforts
to fight for the equal rights of all students in education. Sylvia
Mendez continues his legacy by visiting schools and educating students
about the tremendous impact her father has had on their education.
with Sylvia Mendez over the phone. She spoke of her father's efforts
to fight for the equal rights of all students in education. Sylvia
Mendez continues his legacy by visiting schools and educating students
about the tremendous impact her father has had on their education.